Understanding Down Syndrome: Causes, Risks and Why Awareness Matters

October marks Down Syndrome Awareness Month, a period dedicated to increasing understanding, compassion and acceptance for individuals living with the condition. Yet, in many societies, stigma, misinformation and silence still surround the topic.

According to medical experts, Down syndromescientifically known as Trisomy 21 occurs when a child is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. “Ideally, both parents contribute 23 chromosomes each, making 46 in total,” explained Dr. Chris on Culture Daily. “In certain instances, the mother contributes one extra chromosome, bringing the total to 47. That’s what causes Down syndrome.”

While the condition is not terminal, societal attitudes often make life more difficult for affected families. Dr. Chris clarified that advanced maternal age especially beyond 35 is the main risk factor. However, he cautioned against blame: “It’s not about fault. It’s a genetic occurrence that can’t be predicted with certainty.”

Children with Down syndrome may display distinctive facial features and developmental delays, but with the right support, many go on to live full and independent lives. Early intervention and inclusive education are key.

Despite these facts, termination rates remain alarmingly high in many developed nations. In countries like Denmark and Iceland, between 97% and 99% of pregnancies diagnosed with Down syndrome are terminated. In Africa, however, data is limited. Research from South Africa suggests that only 1.4% of Black women choose termination, partly due to empathy, religious values and limited diagnostic testing.

Dr. Chris emphasized that awareness must move beyond sympathy to informed action. “Families need support, not stigma,” he said. “These children deserve a chance to live, to learn and to love like everyone else.”